Christopher Morgan, 40, was arraigned Tuesday in Orange County Court.
Prosecutors say he repeatedly punched his female psychiatrist, knocking her to the ground, and stole her badge to flee the facility.
He was captured the next day in Port Jervis.
"Health care providers are the helpers in society, and they deserve to work free of unprovoked violence," says District Attorney Dave Hoovler. "We will not cease in our pursuit of violent criminals, and we will seek to hold those accountable who inflict or risk injury to others in our community."
Prosecutors say the victim sustained serious injuries to her face, head and body.
Morgan is charged with attempted murder, robbery, and attempted assault.
Court records reveal Morgan previously threatened to bomb police stations. He remains in jail on $250,000 cash bail and is scheduled to return to court in May.